One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and grain Zn and leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of leaf and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

Dear Editor-in-Chief Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by sand flies. It is caused by an intracellular parasite of leishmaniasis belonging to the family of Trypano-somatidae. More than 98 countries are affected by this disease, 350 million people at risk, and 12 million infected cases (1). “ About 95% of CL cases happen in America Mediterranean, Middle East, and Central Asia and More than 60% of new cases of CL occurred in six countries: Af-ghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iran and Syria” . (2)...

Background: Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a public health problem, no effective vaccine or decisive treatment has been introduced for this disease. Therefore, representing novel therapeutic proteins is essential. Protein-protein Interaction network analysis is a suitable tool to discover novel drug targets for leishmania major. To this aim, gene and protein expression data is used for instructing protein network and the key proteins are highlighted. Materials and Methods: In this computational and bioinformatics study, the protein/gene expression data related to leishmania major were studied, and 252 candidate proteins were extracted. Then, the protein networks of these proteins were explored and visualized by using String database and Cytoscape software. Finally, clustering and gene ontology were performed by MCODE and PANTHER databases, respectively. Results: Based on gene ontology analysis, most of the leishmania major proteins were located in cell compartments and membrane. Catalytic activity and binding were regarded as the relevant molecular functions and metabolic and cellular processes were the significant biological process. In this network analysis, UB-EP52, EF-2, chaperonin, Hsp70. 4, Hsp60, tubulin alpha and beta chain, and ENOL and LACK were introduced as hub-bottleneck proteins. Based on clustering analysis, Lmjf. 32. 3270, ENOL and Lmjf. 13. 0290 were determined as seed proteins in each cluster. Conclusion: The results indicated that hub proteins play a significant role in pathogenesis and life cycle of leishmania major. Further studies of hubs will provide a better understanding of leishmaniasis mechanisms. Finally, these key hub proteins could be a suitable and helpful potential for drug targets and treating leishmaniasis by considering their validation.

Background: Drug interactions (DIs) are one of the problems caused by irrational drug use and includes the effects of drug, food, or anything that changes the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a given drug. In this regard, DI is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in patients. However, this problem is usually predictable and hence is required to be properly managed. The aim of the present study was to assess DIs in the patients hospitalized in the intensive care units and infectious ward of Sina hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical records of 500 patients hospitalized in ICUs and infectious ward of Sina hospital in Hamadan from March 2014 to February 2015. The inclusion criterion was the presence of at least one DI in the patients hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICUs) and infectious ward of the hospital for at least 24 hours. The potential DIs were classified based on the type and severity. Medical and demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, sex, duration of hospitalization, inpatient ward, and treatment results (death or advances in treatment) were collected using a checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. 0. Results: A total of 514 DIs were identified from which 5. 05% were major and 41. 82% were moderate interactions. The mean of DI per patient was 2. 81 in the range of 1 and 23. The frequency of antibiotic/ antibiotic and antibiotic/other drugs interactions were 7. 97% and 28. 98%, respectively. The average length of stay in hospital was 12. 07 days, and 26. 22% and 25. 13% of the studied patients were hospitalized in general and infectious ICUs, respectively. The mean of DIs per patient was significantly higher in infectious ICU rather than other studied wards. Conclusions: To sum up, although the percentage of major DIs were low, the prevalence of total DIs was high in the studied patients. Based on the results of this study, it seems that physicians must be aware of the presence of potential and harmful DIs. Moreover, working under the careful supervision of a clinical pharmacist in hospitals and continuous training around DIs and training the pharmacological care to physicians can be effective in the prevention of DIs.

As a highly valuable source of ephedrine, Ephedra major is well-adapted to various habitats in Iran. Over the last few decades, human’ s activity, in particular, over exploitation of its populations to extract medicinally valuable constitutes, have endangered this species. In this investigation, the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure in 16 natural populations of E. major for the very first time have been assessed utilizing molecular markers, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR ). A high level of genetic diversity was revealed among the population where Dehbar region (Khorasan Razavi province, Iran ) exhibited the highest quantity of genetic parameters (P = 67. 96%, H = 0. 365 236, I = 0. 365 ). Intra-population genetic diversity (71% ) was significantly higher than inter-population genetic diversity (29% ) and only 1% genetic diversity among-regions. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA ) and Bayesian clustering methods indicated the presence of a relatively strong population structure and to some extent in accordance with the geographical origin of populations. However, the success of UPGMA in grouping populations in congruence with their geographical location was more tangible. From the outcomes of this study, it could be asserted that, ISSR markers are effective in detecting the pattern of genetic diversity in E. major populations. On the other hand, by having reliable knowledge of the status of genetic diversity and structure of populations of this species, the first steps can be taken to protect populations with low genetic diversity, and also pave the way for breeding programs to finding and selection of superior populations.

Introduction: As the major depression disorder (MDD) is one of the prevalent psychiatric conditions, molecular characteristic is important to gain a better understanding of its complex nature. In this study, the protein-protein interaction network analysis is carried out in order to have a better understanding the molecular mechanism of MDD.Materials and Methods: The MDD differentially expressed proteins of cerebral fluid were extracted from the literature. Cytoscape Software was used for the network construction of 39 retrieved proteins. In addition, Cytoscape plug-ins, MCODE and ClueGO+CluePedia identified the protein complexes and biological processes, respectively.Results: The MDD map centrality analysis identified 15 hub proteins. This network comprises of four protein complexes and seven significant biological processes.Conclusion: In this study, some of the central proteins, protein complexes, and biological processes related to MDD are introduced. The further investigations can help validating possible drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers.

The aim of this research is to assess the ecological needs of Ephedra major as a medicinal and forage species and important for soil and water conservation in Rangelands of Bojnourd. In the site, the studies were climatically characteristic, geology, stand type, co-dominant plant and vegetable variation, Estimating biomass, physical and chemical analyses of the soil. The results indicated that Ephedra major could be adapted for regions with semiarid-cold climate to altitude climate, annual rainfall average of 332. 9 mm and annual temperature average of 9. 82 c . Ephedra major have dispersed in north, south, east and west slope and altitude 1400-2520 m of sea level in mountainous areas. The Soils physical and chemical analyses showed that the soil is very shallow with sandy-loom texture, Ph= 7. 75, Ec= 55. 88 μ s/cm and lime. The stand type was Artemisia aucheri-Festuca ovina and the co-dominant plants were over 86 species. Average of canopy covers and density were 2. 16 and 346 shrubs in hectare respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the variables of precipitation, saturation moisture percentage, pH, potassium, calcium and sand had significant correlations with the first axis and explained the 49. 84% variation. For the second component, the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen were more important traits and explained the 27. 94% variation. Because of the high ability of the species to adapt itself with hard environmental condition such as high percentage of Caco3, and also its medical and conservation values in arid and semi-arid regions, it can be used for proper management strategies, reclamation and preservation of its habitats.